Occam's razor : the universe
(another perception of the cosmological model)
The universe is a concept that encompasses spacetime and everything it contains... that is, everything we know! Time, which makes up spacetime, has neither beginning nor end; it is infinite. However, the energy that ignited the universe did have a beginning: 13.8 billion years ago. Thus, energy has a beginning, while time does not: it has a present that is experienced, a past from which it originates, and a future toward which it is heading, but no beginning, nor an end! The beginning and end of time are a misunderstanding due to a lack of imagination: the beginning of time is not necessary for our existence; only the present has one! A present that began 13.8 billion years ago with energy uniformly distributed throughout the universe (the cosmic microwave background). It was homogeneous, isotropic, and it expanded the universe by causing a rapid inflation of space.
Time originates from the concept of spacetime! It allows for the movement of its contents. Without time, there is no movement, and the universe is static. But with time comes the movement of the contents within the container. Thus also arises the notion of space, which is likewise linked to the concept of spacetime. If time has neither beginning nor end, the space associated with it has neither! It has neither beginning nor end; it is like time: infinite! Thus arises the flatness of the universe, which is the only geometry that can apply it.
The universe is therefore a flat, boundless space moving towards the future through time. It is made up of quantum fields that contain the universe's energy in various forms: bosons and fermions. These forms interact and become more complex over time thanks to a very precise arrangement of the laws of physics, called fine-tuning, which allows highly complex geometries to emerge (DNA).
Spacetime is not a hollow structure through which we travel, but a complex structure that enriches the universe with interactions. This structure, made of virtual fields, has its own properties, such as its permissiveness or permeability (electromagnetic field). Similarly, each field has its own attributes and is linked to other fields. Thus, an electron is quantum energy that traverses the electronic field while simultaneously activating the negative pole of the magnetic field, which is itself linked to the negative electric field, all of which together form a complex field: electromagnetism! Quanta (energy), also moving in the Higgs field, thus acquires a magnetism, a charge and a mass which gives us the illusion of "seeing" an electron that travels, when in fact it is energy in motion!
The container, therefore spacetime (which is governed by general relativity), and the contents, therefore energy (which is governed by quantum mechanics), are designed to interact through mass. Thus, mass, which is created through quantum interactions, generates distortions of spacetime (gravity) that cause the contents to gather (galaxies) to interact again (stars).
Quantum fields are also subject to the geometry of spacetime: they deform with it because of mass (general relativity). Mass is a very particular arrangement of energy. It allows energy to be stored indefinitely in the form of matter. These distortions are therefore spatiotemporal (gravitational): they involve geodesics that remain imperceptible. Indeed, we do not perceive time, only the (limited) present. Therefore, they merge into spatial curves that cause objects to fall. However, these are not curvatures but spatiotemporal geodesics. That is to say, curves in a dimension we cannot see: temporality.
Thus, matter tends to gather in masses within an environment (solar system). This allows masses to come closer together (planets). This encourages matter to interact across time (prebiotic chemistry). This forms increasingly complex spatial geometries (polymers). These lead to the emergence of organic chemistry (fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleic acids). And thanks to a hospitable environment, to the emergence of DNA, that is to say, a testament to organic information: genetics! As soon as this information becomes organized, life appears naturally. From then on, entropy grows exponentially in a suitable environment.
This appears locally within the immensity of the universe. Thus, the universe teems with stars containing habitable zones that could support life. But within this vastness, they are very isolated because the conditions for their emergence are improbable! This is included in chaos theory: it is the improbable that drives evolution! This gives rise to various necessary evolutions, all made up of improbabilities. Thus, since the conditions for life are highly improbable, so is life itself. And because it is improbable, and therefore rare, it becomes so precious in the universe. However, locally, it is wasted incalculably. Everything depends on the environment and what we do with it. For such is the great rule of the universe: causality! This is evidenced by the entropy of the universe. An entropy that can only increase (extensive function) over time, reflecting the complexity of the universe. A universe that conserves its momentum and energy. This too is part of the fine-tuning.
However, the universe expands due to the dark force, a universal pressure (radiation pressure) that creates vast intergalactic voids. In doing so, the universe dilutes the energy it contains, and this energy is constantly decreasing (cosmic microwave background). However, gravity always opposes pressure, whatever its nature. And since energy is also conserved in the form of enduring mass, galaxies remain bound together thanks to it.
Nevertheless, the energy that animates the universe is constantly diluting itself while separating masses. There will come a time, in a distant eternity, when the universe will be without energy (the Big Freeze). The cosmic microwave background radiation, having become insignificant, will lack quanta suitable for further radiation. The temperature of the cosmos will be almost 0 K (the Gibbons-Hawking temperature).
Postulate:
If the proton has an (uncertain) lifespan, then after eternities, all mass will evaporate in a frozen universe that will produce nothing more! Without mass, the universe will no longer have gravity to slow down time, and it will hurtle towards the future with nothing to slow it down (general relativity). The universe will be completely flat without the slightest spacetime distortion. Our story will then be over and will leave no trace. Information having become negligible, the universe will return to its former state, the KMS state (homogeneous and isotropic), where a single piece of information describes the universe: temperature. A temperature of almost absolute cold!
Energy is not created, so it cannot appear in the universe... at any point in the universe! Indeed, the universe is not energetic enough to create mass on its own, only virtual particles (therefore empty shells of mass) that do not remain. To survive, particles need mass, and therefore energy. However, this energy cannot come from the universe; it simply doesn't have the capacity! Nevertheless, anthropogenic principles (which are self-evident) indicate the arrival of energy 13.8 billion years ago. Therefore, there must be an "exterior" to this universe (which is the only thing we know) that provided it with energy. But not just any energy: only a suitable energy source can do so. It cannot be local, appearing as if by magic in a specific location within the universe (the first law of thermodynamics). It is a global interaction between the universe and the energy that ignited it.
Indeed, it is possible to fill the universe with the right amount of energy, just as it is possible to imbue a virtual particle with mass. For this, it needs a suitable energy source. An energy source that fits it perfectly. And to envelop a universe composed of limitless quantum fields, limitless energy is also required! An intense energy that will not interact with the universe according to specific coordinates, but in its entirety (a symbiosis without precise coordinates), giving it mass in its whole, just as a photon gives mass to its corresponding virtual particle. Thus, the only suitable energy that can ignite an infinite universe is itself infinite. Thanks to this energy, the universe can transition from an empty quantum vacuum to a full mass/energy quantum, since all its fields are activated! For with energy comes mass (E = mc²). However, the universe, although very dense, will have no center toward which to collapse, since it will always be infinite and in a KMS state (homogeneous and isotropic). Nevertheless, the fundamental forces will create repulsive fields through their particles. Similarly, the kinetics of matter (temperature) will increase the pressure of the universe. A pressure that will come from everywhere and extend to infinity. So, space will expand again, creating inflation that will tell a new story, that of a young universe starting all over again from its KMS state!
All these teachings come from this volume:
The origin of matter
This volume explores the Dark Force, dark matter, and black holes, revealing the surprising complexity of the origin of matter. It explains the formation of galaxies from clouds, but also from supermassive black holes (quasars) thanks to dark matter. It also recounts the origin of the Milky Way, then the creation of the solar system. Next comes the story of the Earth and the Moon, with the arrival of water, comets, and meteors. This essay concludes with stories by Pascale Courtois, inspired by the book's teachings. Thus, young and old alike are entertained while enriching their knowledge and understanding.
How did the universe form? Many are looking for answers to this question. But these only happen in bits with scientific discoveries. Alas, between discovery and understanding, there is a long work. A work that is done here in order to explain the inexplicable. Thus this work teaches about the fundamental principles of the physical laws of the universe. It gives the point of view of general relativity about the Big Bang. However, this one is contradicted by quantum mechanics. The latter offers a completely different version of the beginnings of the universe, detailed here.
There is more to discover: The Teachings of the Angel, volume I, The Origin of Matter!